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Title: A Comparison and Prediction of Irrational Beliefs and Cognitive Functioning Among Depressed and Non-Depressed Adults in Gujrat, Pakistan
Authors: Iram Naz, Laiba Ahmed, Amna Ishaq, Maryyam Ayyaz
Journal: Pakistan Armed Forces Medical Journal (PAFMJ)
Publisher: Army Medical College, Rawalpindi.
Country: Pakistan
Year: 2022
Volume: 72
Issue: 3
Language: English
DOI: 10.51253/pafmj.v72i3.4001
Keywords: DepressionCognitive functioningMontreal cognitive assessment
Objective: To compare and predict the irrational beliefs and cognitive functioning among depressed and non-depressed adults in Gujrat, Pakistan.
Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Zulfiqar Hospital, Akram Hospital and Aziz Bhatti Hospital, Gujrat and Department of Psychology, the University of Gujrat from Dec 2017 to Mar 2018.
Methodology: The data was collected from 200 adults, 100 depressed adults and 100 non-depressed adults using consecutive sampling. The non-depressed adults with no past psychiatric history were recruited from the community. The irrational beliefs were assessed using the Evaluative beliefs scale, and cognitive functioning was measured using the Montreal cognitive assessment scale.
Results: The independent sample t-test indicated that there was a statistically significant difference (p<0.001) in the irrational beliefs of depressed and non-depressed adults, and the irrational beliefs of depressed were more (37.83 ± 8.12) than the nondepressed adults (4.33 ± 4.64). The comparison of cognitive functioning of the depressed and non-depressed was also significantly different (p<0.001). The cognitive functioning of depressed adults was poorer (12.44 ± 3.85) than the nondepressed adults (26.92 ± 2.55). Further-more, irrational beliefs predict cognitive functioning [R²=0.729; F (1,198) = 532.763, p<0.001].
Conclusion: The study findings indicated a difference in the irrational beliefs and cognitive functioning of depressed and nondepressed adults. Further, the depressed had more irrational beliefs and worsened cognitive functioning.
To compare and predict the irrational beliefs and cognitive functioning among depressed and non-depressed adults in Gujrat, Pakistan.
A comparative cross-sectional study conducted from December 2017 to March 2018, involving 200 adults (100 depressed, 100 non-depressed) from Gujrat, Pakistan. Participants were recruited using consecutive and convenient sampling. Irrational beliefs were assessed using the Evaluative Beliefs Scale, and cognitive functioning was measured using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) Urdu version. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent sample t-tests, and linear regression.
graph TD;
A["Recruit Depressed and Non-Depressed Adults"] --> B["Administer Evaluative Beliefs Scale"];
B --> C["Administer Montreal Cognitive Assessment - MOCA"];
C --> D["Collect Demographic Information"];
D --> E["Data Analysis"];
E --> F["Descriptive Statistics"];
F --> G["Independent Sample T-test"];
G --> H["Linear Regression"];
H --> I["Report Findings"];
The study highlights a significant difference in irrational beliefs and cognitive functioning between depressed and non-depressed individuals in Gujrat, Pakistan. The findings align with previous research indicating that depression is associated with higher levels of irrational beliefs and impaired cognitive abilities. The strong predictive power of irrational beliefs on cognitive functioning suggests a crucial link that warrants attention in therapeutic interventions. Challenges encountered included difficulties in accessing and obtaining consent from depressed patients.
Depressed adults exhibited significantly higher irrational beliefs (37.83 ± 8.12) compared to non-depressed adults (4.33 ± 4.64) (p<0.001). Cognitive functioning was also significantly poorer in depressed adults (12.44 ± 3.85) than in non-depressed adults (26.92 ± 2.55) (p<0.001). Irrational beliefs were found to be a significant predictor of cognitive functioning, explaining 72.9% of the variance (R²=0.729, p<0.001).
The study concludes that depressed adults have more irrational beliefs and poorer cognitive functioning compared to non-depressed adults. Furthermore, irrational beliefs significantly predict cognitive functioning. These findings underscore the importance of addressing irrational beliefs in the management of depression and its cognitive consequences.
* The study was conducted from December 2017 to March 2018.
* 200 adults participated, with 100 diagnosed with depression and 100 without.
* Irrational beliefs explained 72.9% of the variance in cognitive functioning.
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