DefinePK

Research Objective

To explore the relationship between civilian and military institutions in Pakistan, analyze the strong and weak positions of both, investigate possibilities for cooperation, and determine which political party might be the most acceptable option for the military to work with to strengthen the nation and national security.

Methodology

Qualitative method applied, involving the review and content analysis of sources such as articles, magazines, books, and reports to identify themes and trends regarding shifting political dynamics and pathways for civil-military cooperation.

Methodology Flowchart

                        graph TD; A[Literature Review Articles, Books, Reports] --> B[Content Analysis]; B --> C[Identify Themes/Trends in Civil-Military Relations]; C --> D[Analyze Historical Periods Bhutto, BB, Zardari]; D --> E[Assess Factors Affecting Civilian Control]; E --> F[Conclusion on Cooperation Needs]; F --> G[Recommendations for Stability];                    

Discussion

The study analyzes historical periods, particularly focusing on Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's attempts to strengthen political institutions and control the military post-1971 war, and Benazir Bhutto's tenure, characterized by indirect rule and threats to military interests. The military's involvement is contingent on perceived threats to its core interests (funding, institutional functioning, national security). Political parties' constant conflict and lack of cooperation provide opportunities for military influence. Zardari's period (2008-2013) is noted as an unprecedented attempt at collective rule involving all political actors and the military leadership.

Key Findings

Regional and international situations demand greater cooperation between civilian and military institutions for the country's security and survival. The historical strengthening of the military at the expense of the executive and judiciary has led to institutional weakness and political instability. Civilian control over the military is flexible and often contingent on factors like unified civilian leadership and mass support.

Conclusion

Civil-military relations in Pakistan have been rocky, driven by the initial focus on strengthening the military for security, leading to weak executive and judiciary institutions. Improvement requires political parties to adopt a cooperative culture rather than engaging in mutual conflict, which allows the military to maintain influence. The Zardari approach of collective state management is suggested as a necessary path for stability and development.

Fact Check

1. Pakistan gained independence on August 14, 1947. (Confirmed in text: "Since its independence on August 14, 1947...")
2. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto established the first civilian government in 1973. (Confirmed in text: "It was Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto who established first civilian government in 1973...")
3. Zardari's government completed its tenure between 2008 and 2013. (Confirmed in text: "He managed to complete his tenure in the office" following mention of 2008 start and 2013 end of tenure context.)

Mind Map