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Abstract

This article examines the criticisms faced by three prominent figures of Islamic Modernism: Sir Syed Ahmed Khān, Muhammad Iqbāl, and Dr. Fazlur Rahman. Sir Syed Initiated the debate in the late 19th century, advocating that Islamic Modernism stood for the compatibility of Islam with modern science. He argued that perceived conflicts between the religious texts and scientific discoveries arise from misunderstanding both and by consequent misinterpretations. The article sheds light on this debate about Islamic Modernism, which is often criticised for transgressing religious boundaries. This dynamic is crucial for understanding the evolution of the Islamic scholarly tradition, which has been historically balancing between renewal and delimitation. Notable figures, including Sir Syed, Iqbal, and Fazlur Rahman, faced significant resistance against reformist ideas, continuously shown in various fatwas by the traditional scholars.  Sir Syed’s metaphorical interpretation of the Qurān introduced rational principles of exegesis, while Allama Iqbal emphasised ijtihad (independent reasoning) and a dynamic interpretation of Islam considering contemporary knowledge. The article further examines Dr. Fazlur Rahman contributed to modern Islamic theology, particularly in his critique of Iqbal's dual engagement with Western thought. Despite facing opposition in Pakistan, Rahman's teachings have profoundly influenced students globally.  Overall, this article highlights the ongoing debate within the Islamic scholarly community to reconcile faith with modernity, addressing the criticisms faced by figures such as Sir Syed, Iqbal, and Dr. Rahman.