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Title: The Difference in the Morphometric Assessment of Gingival Biotype by Using Periodontal Probe Transparency Method and Photogrammetry
Authors: Nida Ayub, Yousaf Athar, Ramsha Jalal, Fatima Saleem, Shafiq-ur- Rahman, Mashal Amir
Journal: Journal of Bahria University Medical and Dental College (JBUMDC)
Publisher: Bahria University, Islamabad
Country: Pakistan
Year: 2024
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Language: English
Keywords: Crown lengthCrown widthGingival thicknessPapillary heightPeriodontium
Objective: To evaluate the photogrammetric assessment of gingival biotype against the clinical gold standard method of probe transparency in terms of their consistency in assessment
 
Study Design and Setting: Cross-sectional comparative; Periodontology Department, Institute of Dentistry, CMH Medical and Dental College, Lahore
 
Methodology: The study targeted 149 adult subjects aged 18-30 years reporting to dental out patient department for routine dental treatment. A periodontal probe was inserted into the marginal gingiva of maxillary right central incisor and probe visibility through the gingival soft-tissues was judged. A probe visible through the tissues yielded thin gingiva and vice versa. For morphometric analysis, standardized clinical photographs were captured using digital DSLR camera. A photoshop software was used to measure crown width, crown height and papillary height for maxillary central incisor on all photographs. A crown width-to-height ratio >0.75 and a papillary height <4.5 mm indicated thick gingiva and vice versa. Data was analyzed via Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 24. Descriptive statistics were calculated. An inter-method reliability analysis using Cohen’s Kappa was performed to determine the consistency among the two methods in diagnosing gingival biotype. p=0.05 was taken as significant.
 
Results: About 54.4% subjects were identified having a thin gingival biotype. A significant difference was observed between males and females as well as between age groups for gingival biotypes (p<0.001). Using Cohen’s Kappa, a “perfect agreement” between probe transparency and photogrammetric methods was observed (ê = 1, p<0.001)
 
Conclusion: Photogrammetry offers a reliable and noninvasive method for evaluation of gingival thickness
To evaluate the photogrammetric assessment of gingival biotype against the clinical gold standard method of probe transparency in terms of their consistency in assessment.
Cross-sectional comparative study conducted at the Periodontology Department, Institute of Dentistry, CMH Medical and Dental College, Lahore. 149 adult subjects aged 18-30 years were included. Gingival biotype was assessed using the probe transparency method (inserting a periodontal probe into the marginal gingiva and judging probe visibility) and photogrammetry (measuring crown width, crown height, and papillary height from standardized clinical photographs using Photoshop software). A crown width-to-height ratio >0.75 and papillary height <4.5 mm indicated thick gingiva. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 24, with descriptive statistics and Cohen's Kappa for inter-method reliability.
graph TD;
A["Recruit 149 Adult Subjects 18-30 years"] --> B["Assess Gingival Biotype"];
B --> C["Method 1: Probe Transparency"];
B --> D["Method 2: Photogrammetry"];
D --> E["Measure Crown Width, Height, Papillary Height"];
E --> F["Calculate Ratios"];
C --> G["Judge Probe Visibility"];
G --> H["Classify Biotype"Thin/Thick""];
F --> H;
H --> I["Data Analysis SPSS"];
I --> J["Calculate Descriptive Statistics"];
I --> K["Perform Cohen's Kappa for Reliability"];
J --> L["Report Findings"];
K --> L;
L --> M["Conclusion"];
The study suggests that photogrammetry is a reliable and non-invasive method for evaluating gingival thickness, showing perfect agreement with the established probe transparency method. Differences in gingival biotype were noted between genders and age groups, consistent with some previous literature but differing from others, potentially due to variations in study populations and ethnic differences. The technique-sensitivity of photogrammetry and the limitations of the study sample size and age range are acknowledged.
54.4% of subjects were identified as having a thin gingival biotype by both methods. A significant difference was observed between males and females, and between age groups, for gingival biotypes (p<0.001). A "perfect agreement" (κ = 1, p<0.001) was observed between the probe transparency and photogrammetric methods.
Photogrammetry offers a reliable and non-invasive method for the evaluation of gingival thickness, demonstrating perfect consistency with the probe transparency method. Significant differences in gingival biotype were found between males and females, and across different age groups.
* Sample size: 149 adult subjects aged 18-30 years.
* Prevalence of thin gingival biotype: 54.4% of subjects.
* Inter-method agreement: Perfect agreement (κ = 1, p<0.001) between probe transparency and photogrammetric methods.
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