DefinePK

Research Objective

To identify the determinants of health expenditure in Pakistan and India, and to analyze the short-run and long-run effects of health expenditure on economic growth in high-populated Asian countries.

Methodology

Panel data from 2001 to 2019 for Pakistan and India, sourced from the World Development Indicator (WDI). Variables include health expenditure, population, urban population, unemployment, GDP growth, and school enrollment. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach was employed for estimation.

Methodology Flowchart

                        graph TD;
    A["Data Collection: Panel Data 2001-2019 for Pakistan & India from WDI"] --> B["Variable Identification: HE, PO, UP, UE, GDP, SE"];
    B --> C["Unit Root Test"ADF""];
    C --> D["ARDL Model Estimation"];
    D --> E["Analysis of Long-Run Coefficients"];
    D --> F["Analysis of Short-Run Coefficients"];
    E --> G["Conclusion & Policy Implications"];
    F --> G;                    

Discussion

The study discusses how health expenditure is a significant portion of government spending and how its determinants are multifaceted, including demographic, economic, and social factors. The findings suggest that population size and school enrollment positively influence health expenditure in the long run, while unemployment and GDP growth have a negative relationship. In the short run, population and school enrollment are significant, but urban population, unemployment, and GDP growth are not.

Key Findings

In the long run, health expenditure is significantly related to population, GDP growth, school enrollment, and unemployment. Urban population was found to be insignificant. In the short run, population and school enrollment showed a significant relationship with health expenditure, while urban population, unemployment, and GDP growth were insignificant.

Conclusion

The determinants of health expenditure in high-populated Asian countries are complex, involving demographic, socioeconomic, and economic factors. Policymakers should invest in healthcare infrastructure, human resources, and technology, and address social determinants like education and employment to improve healthcare access, quality, and population health outcomes.

Fact Check

1. Data spans from 2001 to 2019. (Confirmed in the text)
2. The study utilizes the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach. (Confirmed in the text)
3. In the long run, urban population exhibits insignificance in relation to health expenditure. (Confirmed in the text)

Mind Map