DefinePK

Research Objective

To assess the prevalence and factors associated with malnutrition among pregnant women and lactating mothers in Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK), Pakistan.

Methodology

A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to December 2022 in district Poonch of AJK, Pakistan. A sample of 300 pregnant women and lactating mothers was recruited using a multistage sampling technique. Data were collected through a semi-structured questionnaire and anthropometric measurements (height, weight, mid-upper arm circumference - MUAC). BMI and MUAC were used to assess nutritional status. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, bivariate analysis (Chi-square test), and multivariate logistic regression.

Methodology Flowchart

                        graph TD
    A["Study Period: Jan-Dec 2022"] --> B["Location: District Poonch, AJK"];
    B --> C["Sample: 300 pregnant/lactating women"];
    C --> D["Data Collection: Questionnaire & Anthropometrics"];
    D --> E["Nutritional Assessment: BMI & MUAC"];
    E --> F["Statistical Analysis: Descriptive, Bivariate, Multivariate Regression"];
    F --> G["Identify Associated Factors"];
    G --> H["Conclusion & Recommendations"];                    

Discussion

Malnutrition is highly prevalent among pregnant and lactating women in AJK, with rates higher than the national average. Socioeconomic disparities, including illiteracy, low income, and rural residence, are major determinants. Food insecurity emerged as the most significant factor. Lack of antenatal care also predicted malnutrition. MUAC was found to be a better predictor of malnutrition than BMI in this population.

Key Findings

The prevalence of malnutrition was 39% according to BMI (<18.5 kg/m²) and 46% according to MUAC (<21 cm). Significant factors independently associated with malnutrition included illiteracy (AOR: 2.7), low family income (AOR: 2.1), rural residence (AOR: 3.2), food insecurity (AOR: 4.6), and lack of antenatal care (AOR: 2.3).

Conclusion

Malnutrition is alarmingly common among pregnant and lactating women in AJK, Pakistan, driven by poverty, illiteracy, food insecurity, and lack of antenatal care. Improving female literacy, socioeconomic status, and antenatal care coverage are recommended.

Fact Check

- The study was conducted from January to December 2022. (Confirmed)
- The prevalence of malnutrition was 39% according to BMI and 46% according to MUAC. (Confirmed)
- Illiteracy was associated with malnutrition with an Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) of 2.7. (Confirmed)

Mind Map