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Title: Frequency of cleft lip and cleft palate in Pakistan.
Authors: Salman Baig, Mohammad Farooq Bhutta, Fatima Pervaiz Hashmi, Kiran Khan, Uzma Anam Iqbal, Zahid Iqbal Bhatti
Journal: The Professional Medical Journal (TPMJ)
Publisher: Independent Medical College, Faisalabad- Pakistan
Country: Pakistan
Year: 2022
Volume: 29
Issue: 5
Language: English
DOI: 10.29309/TPMJ/2022.29.05.6908
Keywords: Cleft lipCleft palateCongenital Deformity
Objective: To find out the prevalence of patients with cleft lips and/or cleft palate and their association with risk factors. Study Design: Descriptive Cross-sectional study. Setting: Department of Plastic Surgery Jinnah Post-Graduate Medical Center, Karachi. Period: March 2020 to October 2021. Material & Methods: The patients with any age group or gender, who had cleft lip and/or palate were included in the study. The demographic details, personal and family history and clinical examination of the patients were noted on a preformed proforma. The data was analyzed by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. The p-value less than 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: The mean age and standard deviation of the study participants was 41 ± 54 months. Male gender was predominant. History of cousin marriages were positive among 92.1% of the cases and 11.1% were having positive family history with p-value ≤0.05. Majority of cases were having both deformities including cleft lip and cleft palate with frequency of 55.2% while 30.2% of the individuals were suffering from cleft lip deformity. The affected cases of cleft palate were 14.6%. Majority of the study participants were male which predominantly reported bilateral cleft lip in association with cleft palate, followed by deformity of left cleft lip and palate. Among females the cleft palate deformity was more common (10.4%) than their male counterpart but there was no significant association with gender. Conclusion: Cleft deformities are one of the most common congenital anomaly in which the cleft lip associated with cleft palate is more prevalent. Majority of the affected individuals are males and mostly their parents have cousin marriages. Family history is also one of the major contributing factor.
To determine the prevalence of patients with cleft lips and/or cleft palate in Pakistan and to investigate their association with risk factors.
Descriptive cross-sectional study conducted at the Department of Plastic Surgery, Jinnah Post-Graduate Medical Center, Karachi, from March 2020 to October 2021. Patients of any age or gender with cleft lip and/or palate were included, excluding those previously operated on. Data on demographic details, personal and family history, and clinical examination were collected using a preformed proforma. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 20, with a p-value less than 0.05 considered significant.
graph TD
A[Study Design: Descriptive Cross-Sectional] --> B[Setting: Jinnah Post-Graduate Medical Center, Karachi];
B --> C[Period: March 2020 - October 2021];
C --> D[Patient Inclusion: Any age/gender with cleft lip/palate, not previously operated];
D --> E[Data Collection: Demographic details, personal/family history, clinical examination via proforma];
E --> F[Data Analysis: SPSS v20, Chi-square test];
F --> G[Significance Level: p < 0.05];
G --> H[Results & Conclusion];
The study's findings on male predominance, the high prevalence of cousin marriages, and positive family history align with other studies conducted in Pakistan and internationally. The association of cleft lip and palate with cousin marriages and family history is highlighted as a significant contributing factor. The study also notes that cleft lip associated with cleft palate is the most common type, with bilateral involvement being frequent, and that isolated cleft palate is more common in females.
The mean age of participants was 41 ± 54 months. Male gender was predominant (60%). A high percentage of cases (92.1%) had a history of cousin marriages, and 11.1% had a positive family history, both with significant p-values. The most common deformity was cleft lip associated with cleft palate (55.2%), followed by cleft lip deformity (30.2%) and cleft palate deformity (14.6%). Bilateral cleft lip in association with cleft palate was predominant in males, while cleft palate was more common in females.
Cleft deformities are common congenital anomalies, with cleft lip associated with cleft palate being the most prevalent. The majority of affected individuals are males, and a significant proportion have parents with cousin marriages. Family history is also identified as a major contributing factor.
1. Prevalence of cousin marriages: 92.1% of cases reported a history of cousin marriages among parents.
2. Prevalence of cleft lip with cleft palate: 55.2% of individuals had both cleft lip and cleft palate deformities.
3. Study period: The study was conducted from March 2020 to October 2021.
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