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Title: Symptomatology, Distribution and Incidence of Basal Stem Rot of Oil Palm in Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Cissé Ismael Abraham, Kablan Kan Aurore Bel Martine, Diabaté Sékou, Koné Mongomaké
Journal: Plant Protection
Publisher: Center for Community Learning
Country: Pakistan
Year: 2023
Volume: 7
Issue: 1
Language: English
Keywords: DistributionIncidenceDiseasesOil palmCôte d’IvoireBasal stem rot
The oil palm ( Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is a tree plant cultivated for its fruits, from which fatty substances are extracted for food and industrial uses. The oil palm sector has a positive impact on the socio-economic situation of producing countries such as Côte d’Ivoire. However, oil palm cultivation is subject to pests and pathologies, such as basal stem rot, which have been attacking Ivorian palm groves for several decade. This study was carried out to assess the spatial distribution and incidence of this pathology in the traditional oil palm cultivation area in Côte d'Ivoire. The method adopted for this study consisted of making an inventory of all the palm trees in a given plot, noting the presence or absence of symptoms of the disease and determining the incidence in each locality. The characteristic symptoms of the disease were observed: a pale appearance of the leaves, the arrows not open, the appearance of carpophore at the base of the stem or on root. Disease is present in the localities of Ehania, Eloka, Anguédédou, Boubo and Okroyo. But absent from the locality of Iboké. The incidence of the disease was between 0% Iboké and Ehania 1.15 %. This study establishes for the first time a summary map of the distribution of basal rot of the oil palm in Côte d'Ivoire
To assess the spatial distribution and incidence of basal stem rot disease in the traditional oil palm cultivation areas of Côte d'Ivoire, and to describe its symptomatology.
The study involved conducting health monitoring of oil palm groves in six localities in southern Côte d'Ivoire (Ehania, Eloka, Anguédédou, Boubo, Okrouyo, and Iboké) over two years (2020 and 2021). Surveys were carried out twice a year, observing each oil palm from root plate to crown for characteristic symptoms of basal stem rot, primarily the presence of fungal fruiting bodies (carpophore) at the base of the stem or on roots. Incidence was calculated using the formula: Disease incidence (DI%) = (Number of infected palms / Total number of cultivated palms) * 100. Data analysis involved ANOVA and Fisher's least significant difference (LSD) test for incidence rates, and QGIS software for mapping disease distribution.
graph TD;
A[Select Surveyed Localities in Côte d'Ivoire] --> B[Conduct Phytosanitary Surveys Twice Annually];
B --> C[Observe Oil Palms for Basal Stem Rot Symptoms];
C --> D[Record Presence/Absence of Symptoms and Infected Palms];
D --> E[Calculate Disease Incidence per Locality];
E --> F[Analyze Data using ANOVA and LSD];
F --> G[Map Disease Distribution using QGIS];
G --> H[Report Findings on Symptomatology, Distribution, and Incidence];
The study confirms the presence of basal stem rot in most surveyed areas in Côte d'Ivoire, with symptoms consistent with those described in other regions. The distribution of infected palms, either scattered or clustered, suggests potential transmission through cultural practices (tools) or root contact. The variation in incidence rates may be due to different pathogen strains with varying aggressiveness. The observed low incidence rates suggest a primary stage of infection, emphasizing the need for close monitoring.
Basal stem rot was observed in all surveyed localities except Iboké. Characteristic symptoms included pale leaf canopy, unopened spire leaves, dead lower leaves forming a skirt, and the appearance of carpophore at the base of the stem or on roots. The incidence of the disease varied across localities, with Ehania showing the highest average incidence at 1.15% and Iboké showing 0% incidence.
Basal stem rot is present in most traditional oil palm cultivation areas in Côte d'Ivoire, with varying incidence rates. The disease exhibits characteristic symptoms that aid in its identification. Further research into the taxonomic and genetic diversity of fungal populations is recommended for effective disease management.
* The study was carried out in 2020 and 2021. (Confirmed by "Health monitoring of palm groves... carried out in 2020 and 2021")
* Basal stem rot was observed in 5 out of the 6 surveyed localities. (Confirmed by "Basal rot of the oil palm trunk was observed in all the surveyed localities, except Iboké.")
* The highest incidence rate of basal stem rot was recorded in Ehania at 1.15%. (Confirmed by "The average incidence was the highest in the locality of Ehania (1, 15 %)")
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