Role of vegetable oil as UV light protector for Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae in management of Bactrocera zonata

Article Information

Title: Role of vegetable oil as UV light protector for Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae in management of Bactrocera zonata

Authors: Muhammad Zeeshan Shahid, Mirza Abdul Qayyum, Umer Sharif, Muhammad Ishtiaq, Saira Akhtar, Owais Hameed, Hasan Taha

Journal: Journal of Agriculture and Biology

HEC Recognition History

Category	From	To
Y	2024-10-01	2025-12-31

Publisher: Agribiol (SMC-Private) Limited

Country: Pakistan

Year: 2024

Volume: 2

Issue: 2

Language: English

DOI: 10.55627/agribiol.002.02.0924

Keywords: Oil water emulsionEPFSesame oilSunflower oilCorn oilUV lightConidia coatConidia shieldLiquid carriers

Abstract

Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF), Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana, are used in the field against different insect pests because they are best candidates to include in integrated pest management. But the efficacy of these EPF is limited in the field conditions because different environmental conditions like; sunlight, UV light, visible light, temperature and humidity affects the conidial viability, shelf life and pathogenicity of EPF. The solution to this problem is the use of vegetable oils as liquid carriers to coat and shield the conidia. In the present study three different oils were used like, Sesame oil, sunflower oil and corn oil. The conidia of M. anisopliae and B. bassiana were exposed to three different intervals of UV light 15, 30 and 45 minutes. Conidia exposed to UV light after the addition of oil and making oil water emulsion with fungus. The germination percentage and pathogenicity of M. anisopliae and B. bassiana against adult and pupae (through immersion method) of Bactrocera zonata were recorded after exposure to UV light. Sesame oil showed highest conidia germination, adult mortality for M. anisopliae and B. bassiana after UV light exposure. In case of M. anisopliae germination rate reached up to 79.5% (48–51 h) and mortality 84.4% (7th day), lower rates in aqueous suspensions (germination: 43.3%; mortality: 35.6%). In case of B. bassiana germination rate reached up to 69.17% (48–51 h) and mortality 64.4% (7th day), lower rates in aqueous suspensions (germination: 33.3%; mortality: 35.6%). Adult emergence was highest in the aqueous suspensions and lowest in the sesame oil based formulation. Overall, M. anisopliae performed better than B. bassiana with sesame oil recommended to protect conidia from UV radiation.

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Research Objective

To evaluate the protective effect of different vegetable oils (sesame, sunflower, and corn oil) on the UV light stability of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae conidia and their subsequent pathogenicity against Bactrocera zonata.

Methodology

The study involved preparing oil-in-water emulsions of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae conidia using sesame, sunflower, and corn oils. These formulations, along with aqueous suspensions, were exposed to UV light for 15, 30, and 45 minutes. Conidial germination percentage and pathogenicity against adult and pupae of Bactrocera zonata were assessed after UV exposure. Statistical analysis was performed using Analysis of Variance and Tukey's HSD.

Methodology Flowchart

                        graph TD
    A[Prepare Fungal Cultures] --> B[Prepare Oil-in-Water Emulsions];
    B --> C[Expose to UV Light];
    C --> D[Conidial Germination Test];
    C --> E[Bioassay on B. zonata Pupae];
    C --> F[Bioassay on B. zonata Adults];
    D --> G[Analyze Results];
    E --> G;
    F --> G;
    G --> H[Draw Conclusions];

Discussion

Oil-based formulations, particularly those with sesame oil, effectively shield entomopathogenic fungi conidia from UV-induced damage by forming a protective film. This enhances conidial survival, germination, and pathogenicity in field conditions. Sesame oil's superior performance is attributed to its UV-absorbing properties, unsaturated fatty acids, and antioxidants. The oil-in-water emulsion also aids in conidial adherence to insect cuticles and protection from desiccation.

Key Findings

Sesame oil provided the highest protection to conidia of both M. anisopliae and B. bassiana against UV light, resulting in higher germination rates and adult mortality compared to sunflower and corn oils, and aqueous suspensions. M. anisopliae generally performed better than B. bassiana in terms of conidial germination and adult mortality. Sesame oil formulations led to the lowest adult emergence from pupae, indicating higher pupal mortality.

Conclusion

Oil-in-water emulsions of entomopathogenic fungi are superior to aqueous suspensions for UV protection. Sesame oil is recommended as the most effective carrier for formulating B. bassiana and M. anisopliae to enhance their efficacy in managing Bactrocera zonata.

Fact Check

1. UV Exposure Times: Conidia were exposed to UV light for three different intervals: 15, 30, and 45 minutes. (Confirmed in Abstract and Methodology).
2. Fungal Species: The study utilized two entomopathogenic fungi: Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae. (Confirmed in Title, Abstract, and Methodology).
3. Target Pest: The research focused on managing the fruit fly Bactrocera zonata. (Confirmed in Title and Abstract).

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