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Abstract

Objective: To segment dental implants on PA radiographs using a Deep Learning (DL) algorithm. To compare theperformance of the algorithm relative to ground truth determined by the human annotator.Methodology: Three hundred PA radiographs were retrieved from the radiographic database and consequentlyannotated to label implants as well as teeth on the LabelMe annotation software. The dataset was augmented toincrease the number of images in the training data and a total of 1294 images were used to train, validate and testthe DL algorithm. An untrained U-net was downloaded and trained on the annotated dataset to allow detection ofimplants using polygons on PA radiographs.Results: A total of one hundred and thirty unseen images were run through the trained U-net to determine itsability to segment implants on PA radiographs. The performance metrics are as follows: accuracy of 93.8%, precisionof 90%, recall of 83%, F-1 score of 86%, Intersection over Union of 86.4% and loss = 21%.Conclusion: The trained DL algorithm segmented implants on PA radiographs with high performance similar tothat of the humans who labelled the images forming the ground truth.Keywords: Deep Learning, Dental Implants, Algorithms, dentistry, Neural Networks, Intraoral Radiography