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Abstract

The history of Islam is an intricate tapestry woven with diverse cultures, profound theological insights, and dynamic socio-political movements. This abstract provides an overview of the comprehensive exploration of Islam's history, focusing on key themes and developments that have shaped its trajectory over centuries. Beginning with the advent of Islam in 7th-century Arabia, the narrative unfolds with the life of Prophet Muhammad, whose teachings laid the foundation for one of the world's major monotheistic religions. From the early expansion of Islam across the Arabian Peninsula to its rapid spread across continents, the first millennium witnessed remarkable conquests, trade networks, and intellectual flourishing. Central to the history of Islam are the theological debates and schisms that emerged within the Muslim community. The Sunni-Shia split, rooted in disagreements over leadership succession, profoundly influenced political dynamics and religious practices, leading to the formation of distinct schools of jurisprudence and theological thought. These divisions continue to shape the Muslim world today, reflecting both theological diversity and geopolitical complexities