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Abstract

 The Charter of Medina, drafted under the guidance of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) in 622 CE, stands as a remarkable document in the annals of history, often regarded as one of the earliest written constitutions. It was designed to unify the diverse population of Medina, comprising Muslims, Jews, and other tribes, under a single political framework. This document established principles of governance that upheld justice, equality, mutual cooperation, and respect for religious diversity. By emphasizing collective responsibility, legal pluralism, and the protection of minority rights, the Charter laid the groundwork for a cohesive society amidst pluralistic settings. This article delves into the Charter's profound impact on Islamic political philosophy, particularly its emphasis on shura (consultation), accountability of leadership, and the equitable application of laws. It further examines the enduring influence of the Charter’s principles on subsequent Islamic governance models, including the Rashidun Caliphate, and its relevance in shaping contemporary Muslimmajority states' constitutional frameworks. By exploring the parallels between the Charter of Medina and modern governance concepts such as federalism, the rule of law, and human rights, the article highlights its enduring legacy as a pioneering model of pluralistic governance. However, it also addresses critiques and contextual limitations, cautioning against oversimplified modern interpretations. Thearticle concludes by asserting the Charter’s relevance in contemporary political systems, offering valuable insights for fostering interfaith harmony, social justice, and participatory governance in today’s diverse societies, while encouraging further research into its application in modern contexts.