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Abstract

The legal status of Indigenous peoples concerning land rights and social equity has become an increasingly prominent issue in international law. This paper explores the historical and contemporary legal frameworks that govern the rights of Indigenous communities to land and resources. It critically examines the role of international legal instruments, such as the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) and the International Labour Organization's Convention No. 169, in recognizing and protecting these rights. The paper also addresses the challenges and barriers Indigenous peoples face in accessing justice and securing their rights, including issues of sovereignty, self-determination, and the reconciliation of customary and state legal systems. By analyzing case studies from various regions, the paper highlights the successes and failures of existing legal protections and offers recommendations for enhancing social equity and justice for Indigenous populations globally.