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Title: Confronting Dual Threats: Management of Tylenchulus semipenetrans Cobb and Fusarium oxysporum in Citrus Orchards causing Decline
Authors: Kamra Mahmood, Muhammad Zeeshan Niaz, Muhammad Shahid, Hira Faiz, Muhammad Ussama Yasin, Hina Safdar, Muhammad Zafar, Sidra Kiran, Javed Iqbal, Aliya Tariq
Journal: Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science
Publisher: Zoo Botanica (SMC Pvt.) Ltd.
Country: Pakistan
Year: 2023
Volume: 2
Issue: 3
Language: English
Keywords: DeclineCitrusManagementFusarium oxysporumNematodeNematicidesTylenchulus semipenetrans
Citrus decline is a multifaceted challenge affecting citrus orchards worldwide as well as Pakistan, poses a significant threat to the citrus industry. This decline is often attributed to the synergistic effects of various pathogens, Fusarium oxysporum and Tylenchulus semipenetrans emerging as key contributors. The present study was conducted during 2018-2021to investigate the different chemicals for the management of citrus decline under natural field conditions. The experiment was designed in RCBD with five replicates. Each treatment was applied twice a year at time of new flushes Data were collected each year before treatment application on the basis of no. of infected roots piece/ 100 pieces of roots for fungi, no. of juveniles/ 100 grams of soil and no. of females/ gram of roots for nematodes, and After six month of last application, as compared to pretreatment data, maximum percent inhibition of fungus, number of juveniles and number of females were found in T1 89.67%, 89.87% & 90.39 followed by T2 84.61%, 83.91% & 82.82%, T3 79.54%, 88.17% & 89.45%, and T4 76.78%, 81.92% & 83.04% respectively. While in the control treatment the no. of infected roots piece/ 100 pieces of roots (36.96%), no. of Juveniles/ 100 grams of soil (94.11%) and no. of females/ gram of roots (109.78%), percent increased many fold which caused citrus decline. All chemicals treatments reduced significantly in nematode and fungal infestations
To investigate the effectiveness of different chemical treatments for managing citrus decline caused by the synergistic effects of Fusarium oxysporum and Tylenchulus semipenetrans under natural field conditions.
The study was conducted from 2018-2021 on 7-8-year-old citrus orchards exhibiting decline symptoms. Root and soil samples were collected for fungal and nematode analysis. The experiment was designed in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five replicates and five treatments: T1 (Rugby 5G + Score), T2 (Rugby 5G + Bordeaux Solution), T3 (Furadan 3G + Score), T4 (Furadan 3G + Bordeaux Solution), and T5 (Control). Treatments were applied twice annually. Data on infected roots, juveniles per 100g soil, and females per gram of roots were collected before treatment application and six months after the last application.
graph TD
A[Select Citrus Orchards with Decline Symptoms] --> B[Collect Root and Soil Samples];
B --> C[Assess Fungal and Nematode InfestationPre-treatment];
C --> D[Apply Treatments T1-T5 in RCBD];
D --> E[Apply Treatments Twice Annually];
E --> F[Collect Samples Post-treatment];
F --> G[Analyze Fungal and Nematode Populations];
G --> H[Compare Treatment Efficacy vs. Control];
H --> I[Determine Best Management Strategy];
The study highlights the synergistic negative impact of Fusarium oxysporum and Tylenchulus semipenetrans on citrus health, leading to decline. The tested chemical treatments, particularly the combination of Rugby 5G and Score, demonstrated efficacy in managing these pathogens. The findings support the need for integrated management strategies to combat citrus decline, emphasizing the role of nematicides and fungicides in reducing pathogen populations and improving plant health.
All chemical treatments significantly reduced fungal and nematode infestations compared to the control. Treatment T1 (Rugby 5G + Score) showed the highest percent inhibition of fungus (89.67%), juveniles (89.87%), and females (90.39%) after the last application, indicating it was the most effective. The control treatment showed a significant increase in infected roots, juveniles, and females, exacerbating citrus decline.
Chemical treatments, especially the combination of Rugby 5G (Cadusafos) and Score (Difenoconazole), are effective in managing citrus decline caused by the combined attack of Fusarium oxysporum and Tylenchulus semipenetrans. These treatments significantly reduce fungal and nematode populations, leading to improved orchard health and potentially increased yields.
1. Study Duration: The study was conducted during 2018-2021. (Confirmed in Abstract and Methodology)
2. Most Effective Treatment: Treatment T1 (Rugby 5G + Score) showed the highest percent inhibition of fungus (89.67%), juveniles (89.87%), and females (90.39%) after the last application. (Confirmed in Abstract and Results/Discussion)
3. Control Treatment Increase: In the control treatment, the number of infected roots, juveniles, and females increased significantly, with reported increases of 36.96%, 94.11%, and 109.78% respectively. (Confirmed in Abstract)
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