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Abstract

This comprehensive review paper thoroughly explains the complex domain of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), offering a detailed overview of their various aspects. This review effectively explores the role of atherosclerosis as the central factor in the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). It highlights the chronic and asymptomatic nature of these diseases, emphasizing their significant impact on worldwide mortality and morbidity. An in-depth examination of risk factors reveals the significant influence of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. The conversation smoothly moves on to coronary artery disease, providing insight into the complex mechanisms of plaque formation and its potentially devastating outcomes, including stroke and myocardial infarction. The review provides significant insights into cerebrovascular illnesses, clarifying the diverse etiologies and highlighting the essential connection between risk factors and atherosclerosis. The pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is analyzed meticulously, focusing on endothelial dysfunction and emphasizing the interaction between oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in the degradation of the heart muscle. The frequency of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is examined by considering age and gender, and by doing a detailed investigation into hormone replacement therapy and its effects on the aging heart. This article comprehensively analyzes atherosclerosis as a significant risk to the small blood vessels, with particular emphasis on dyslipidemia and its association with diabetes. This review explores the influence of diabetes on the autonomic nervous system and local metabolism, establishing links to macro vascular disorders. Inflammation has an important role in causing cardiovascular diseases specifically in obese people. The article focuses on the clinical symptoms of cardiovascular diseases caused by diabetes, highlighting the significance of promptly identifying and evaluating autonomic neuropathy. The report finishes by endorsing a comprehensive approach to cardiovascular health, emphasizing the importance of lifestyle variables and patient education in the context of secondary prevention. The article emphasizes the relevance of pharmacotherapies in managing cardiovascular disease (CVD).