DefinePK

Abstract

Informed consent is a foundational element of medical ethics and legal practice, signifying respect for patient autonomy and protecting healthcare providers from liability. However, in neonatal surgery, where the patient lacks decision-making capacity, consent must be obtained from parents or guardians. This dynamic presents complex legal challenges, particularly when risks are inadequately disclosed or consent is improperly documented. In the Indian context, where medical negligence can result in both civil and criminal liability, failure to obtain proper consent may lead to serious legal consequences under the Bharat Nyaya Sanhitha section 105 and 106 for causing death by negligence.
This paper critically analyses the legal framework governing informed consent in neonatal surgeries in India, including constitutional provisions, statutory mandates, and guidelines issued by medical regulatory bodies. It also examines key judicial precedents such as Jacob Mathew v. State of Punjab, Dr. Kunal Saha v. AMRI Hospital, and relevant National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (NCDRC) rulings. The paper highlights case studies where lack of adequate consent led to disputes, with a focus on whether such failures constituted civil negligence or criminal culpability. The comparison has been made between India, Britain and United states on Legal aspects of Informed Consent. 
Findings suggest that Indian courts are cautious in criminalizing medical professionals and require a threshold of “gross negligence” to sustain charges under criminal law. The paper also explores instances where parental refusal of treatment was overridden under the parens patriae doctrine. The study concludes with practical recommendations for surgeons and hospitals, such as structured consent protocols and ethics committee reviews, to enhance legal compliance and patient safety. Ensuring transparent, informed, and well-documented parental consent in neonatal surgeries is not only a legal imperative but a safeguard against avoidable litigation and ethical transgressions