DefinePK

Abstract

Breast cancer remains one of the most significant threats to women’ health that calls for identification, development and improvement of diagnostic markers, prognostic indicators and therapeutic targets. Several molecular markers including HER2, ER and BRCA1/2 have contributed to the treatment of breast cancer but they are inadequate especially in the aggressive and therapy-resistant tumors like the triple negative breast cancer. The new biomarkers—ACNG4, CHRNA6, PKMYT1, and EPYC—provide better modalities than previous approaches by providing better understanding of tumor behaviour, diagnosis, and treatment. ACNG4 and CHRNA6 are potential biomarkers targets for early diagnosis and for enrolment of breast cancer aggressive subtypes while PKMYT1 is a promising biomarker owing to its implication in cell cycle regulation and EPYC for its implication in tumour microenvironment. However, some limitations such as patient variability and the absence of standardized detection mechanism become hurdles to the application of these approaches in clinical settings. To elaborate each biomarker’s possibility and drawback, this review also evaluates the combination of those biomarkers with innovative technologies such as liquid biopsy and artificial intelligence to boost breast cancer treatment. Further studies and development of more elaborate approaches are needed in order to turn the biomarkers identified in this study into clinically stable and accurate measures that will help in the development of precision oncology and consequent individualized treatment protocols.