DefinePK

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) exhibits chronic neuron damaging, characterized by progressive cognitive impairment, memory deterioration, and widespread neuronal destruction, ultimately leading to irreversible brain damage. Current treatments for neurological disorders are hindered by the blood brain barrier’s (BBB) selective permeability, which severely restricts the delivery of therapeutic agents to the central nervous system (CNS). Intranasal drug delivery (INDD) has emerged as a promising, non-invasive approach to circumvent the BBB, utilizing the olfactory and trigeminal neural pathways to facilitate direct and targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to brain. This review examines the role of INDD in AD therapy, emphasizing advancements in formulation techniques, including the application of nanoparticles, liposomes, and mucoadhesive polymers, which enhance drug stability, absorption, and retention.Both experimental and human trails have underscored the potential of INDD in facilitating the delivery of treatments such as insulin, neurotrophic factors, and cholinesterase inhibitors, yielding improved outcomes. While INDD offers benefits like rapid brain delivery and reduced systemic side effects, challenges such as limited dose capacity and variability in nasal anatomy persist. Emerging innovations in personalized drug delivery and targeted formulations show promise for optimizing this method in AD care.