DefinePK

Abstract

The rapid advancement of deep learning (DL) techniques has revolutionized the field of medical imaging and diagnostics, offering unprecedented opportunities for improving accuracy, efficiency, and patient outcomes. This paper presents a systematic analysis of deep learning approaches applied to medical imaging, diagnostics, and neonatal healthcare, focusing on their methodologies, applications, challenges, and future directions. We review state-of-the-art DL architectures, including convolutional neural networks (CNNs), recurrent neural networks (RNNs), generative adversarial networks (GANs), and transformer-based models, highlighting their roles in tasks such as image segmentation, classification, detection, and reconstruction. The study encompasses a wide range of medical imaging modalities, including X-ray, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, and histopathology. Particular emphasis is placed on DL applications in neonatal imaging and diagnostics, addressing critical conditions such as congenital anomalies, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS), and periventricular leukomalacia (PVL). Key applications of DL in medical diagnostics, such as cancer detection, cardiovascular disease assessment, neurological disorder diagnosis, and neonatal disease screening, are discussed in detail. The paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing DL in healthcare, including data scarcity, model interpretability, ethical concerns, and integration into clinical workflows. Furthermore, we explore emerging trends such as federated learning, self-supervised learning, and multi-modal fusion, which aim to enhance the robustness and generalizability of DL models. Through a comprehensive review of recent literature, this paper identifies gaps in current research and proposes potential solutions to overcome these limitations. The findings underscore the transformative potential of DL in medical imaging, diagnostics, and neonatal care, while emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary collaboration, standardized evaluation metrics, and regulatory frameworks to ensure safe and effective deployment in real-world clinical settings. This systematic analysis serves as a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and policymakers aiming to harness the power of deep learning for advancing general and neonatal healthcare.