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Abstract

The Geneva Conventions of 1949, along with their Additional Protocols, form the foundation of international humanitarian law IHL governing armed conflict. However, the evolution of warfare in the 21st century characterized by cyber operations, autonomous weapons, urban warfare, and the involvement of non-state actors has raised serious questions about the adequacy of these core legal instruments. This study critically examines whether the four Geneva Conventions remain sufficient to address the humanitarian and legal challenges posed by modern warfare. Using a doctrinal legal research methodology, the study analyses treaty texts, customary international law, scholarly commentary, and case studies involving emerging conflict scenarios. It finds that while the Geneva Conventions continue to provide essential humanitarian safeguards, they lack specificity in addressing new forms of warfare, particularly in domains such as cyberspace and artificial intelligence. The article concludes that without reinterpretation or the adoption of supplementary legal frameworks, the protective regime of IHL may fall short in ensuring civilian protection and accountability in future conflicts. Thus, the study recommends a proactive revaluation of the Conventions through dynamic interpretation, the development of new protocols, and enhanced international cooperation. The Geneva Conventions, widely regarded as the cornerstone of IHL, have guided the conduct of war and the protection of victims since their adoption in 1949. However, the evolution of warfare in the 21st century marked by cyber conflicts, autonomous weapons systems, and non-state actors has challenged the efficacy and comprehensiveness of these treaties. This article critically examines the relevance and sufficiency of the four Geneva Conventions in regulating modern armed conflicts. It contends that while the Conventions remain foundational, significant legal and normative gaps necessitate either expansive reinterpretation or supplementary legal instruments to ensure continued humanitarian protection.