DefinePK

Abstract

This study explores the complex relationship between language and belonging among first- and second-generation Pakistani migrants in Europe. Drawing on nine semi-structured interviews with participants residing in five countries—UK, France, Germany, Spain, and Sweden—the research investigates how migrants negotiate identity through the use and maintenance of heritage languages (Urdu, Punjabi) alongside host-country languages (e.g., English, French, German). Thematic analysis reveals four key patterns: heritage languages act as emotional and cultural anchors, generational gaps shape language-related belonging, linguistic adaptation often involves discomfort or exclusion, and digital platforms emerge as important sites of identity expression through multilingual practices. Findings suggest that while first-generation migrants retain strong ties to heritage languages, second-generation individuals tend to align more with host-country languages, though many still seek reconnection with their roots. The study underscores the fluid and negotiated nature of belonging in multilingual contexts and highlights the importance of inclusive language policies and support for intergenerational linguistic continuity.
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