DefinePK

Abstract

Background: Temperament plays a foundational role in shaping personality and behavioral outcomes, making its accurate assessment vital for psychological research. Standardized temperament measures are widely used in Western populations, but culturally adapted tools for non-English-speaking contexts remain limited. Translating and validating temperament inventories, such as the Adult Temperament Questionnaire (ATQ), into regional languages enhances their utility and relevance in diverse populations. This study aimed to translate and standardize the ATQ Long Form into Urdu, enabling its application in Pakistani adult populations.
Objective: To translate, culturally adapt, and assess the psychometric properties—construct validity, reliability, and convergent/divergent validity—of the Adult Temperament Questionnaire Long Form Urdu version.
Methods: The study was conducted in two phases. Phase I involved the translation of the 177-item ATQ using forward-backward translation by six bilingual experts. The final Urdu version was refined based on linguistic and semantic accuracy. In Phase II, a sample of 460 participants (59.3% female, aged 18–65) was recruited from public and private universities using purposive sampling. Exploratory factor analysis with Direct Oblimin rotation was used to assess construct validity. Internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha, while test-retest reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation. Convergent and divergent validity were examined through correlations with the ATQ Short Form Urdu and Big Five Inventory-10 Urdu, respectively.
Results: Ten factors were extracted, accounting for 22.55% of the cumulative variance. The KMO value was 0.60, and Bartlett’s test was significant (p < 0.001). Cronbach’s alpha ranged from 0.09 to 0.84, with the full scale scoring α = 0.90. The test-retest reliability was moderate (ICC = 0.25). A moderate positive correlation (r = 0.30, p < 0.05) was found with the ATQ Short Form and a moderate negative correlation (r = -0.30, p < 0.05) with the Big Five Inventory-10.
Conclusion: The Urdu version of the Adult Temperament Questionnaire Long Form demonstrated strong reliability but moderate validity. It is suitable for research purposes in Urdu-speaking populations, though not ideal for clinical use due to its length and mixed construct validity.