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Abstract

Background: Hypertension and dyslipidemia are among the leading contributors to cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. These conditions frequently coexist, amplifying the risk of atherosclerosis and cardiac events. Dyslipidemia, characterized by elevated total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and triglycerides, alongside low high-density lipoprotein (HDL), is further exacerbated by obesity. Despite the well-established individual risks, their interrelationship—especially in hypertensive CVD patients with obesity—requires deeper investigation to enable earlier intervention and more precise management.
Objective: To determine the relationship between lipid profile parameters and blood pressure in cardiovascular disease patients and evaluate how CVD status, obesity, gender, and age influence lipid abnormalities among hypertensive individuals.
Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted over six months at CMA Research Lab Lahore, DHQ Hospital Sahiwal, Social Security Hospital Lahore, and Punjab Institute of Cardiology Lahore. A total of 103 patients aged 30–70 years were enrolled via non-probability convenience sampling. Inclusion criteria comprised patients with confirmed dyslipidemia and hypertension (≥140/90 mmHg), while those with secondary hypertension, stage 4+ chronic kidney disease, or recent myocardial infarction were excluded. Blood pressure was measured using a digital sphygmomanometer, and lipid profiles were analyzed using automated chemistry analyzers. Statistical analysis involved SPSS, with Pearson’s correlation, independent t-tests, and chi-square tests; p-values <0.05 were considered significant.
Results: Among 103 patients, 65 (63.1%) were males and 38 (36.9%) females, with most aged 40–49 years (29.1%). Hypertensive patients had significantly elevated total cholesterol (232.34 ± 34.18 mg/dL), LDL (143.94 ± 30.80 mg/dL), VLDL (53.16 ± 16.91 mg/dL), and triglycerides (273.16 ± 90.76 mg/dL) compared to non-hypertensives (p < 0.05). In hypertensive CVD patients, total cholesterol (223.79 ± 41.03 mg/dL) and VLDL (53.79 ± 16.03 mg/dL) were significantly higher than in non-CVD hypertensives. Obese hypertensive individuals had higher total cholesterol (227.91 ± 36.50 mg/dL), LDL (137.21 ± 34.88 mg/dL), VLDL (54.07 ± 16.27 mg/dL), and cholesterol/HDL ratio (5.74 ± 1.04) than non-obese counterparts (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: There is a clear association between hypertension and dyslipidemia, further intensified by obesity and cardiovascular disease status. These findings advocate for early lipid screening, lifestyle changes, and targeted therapeutic strategies to prevent cardiovascular complications in hypertensive patients.