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Abstract

Background: Diabetes mellitus remains a growing global health concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Poor disease awareness among patients is a major barrier to effective self-care, often resulting in preventable complications. Patient education is critical for enhancing glycaemic control, adherence to treatment, and lifestyle modification. Evaluating knowledge gaps and their demographic determinants can inform targeted interventions to improve diabetes outcomes.
Objective: To assess the level of knowledge and awareness regarding diabetes mellitus among diabetic patients attending Capital Development Authority Hospital, Islamabad, and to identify demographic factors associated with their understanding.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out from September to December 2019 at Capital Hospital, Islamabad. A total of 365 diabetic patients aged ≥18 years were selected using convenience sampling. Data were collected using a structured demographic questionnaire and the validated 24-item Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire (DKQ), which assessed understanding of disease etiology, risk factors, complications, prevention, and management. Each response was scored, with higher scores indicating better knowledge. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS Version 27. Descriptive statistics were reported as frequencies and percentages, while associations between demographic variables and knowledge scores were evaluated using ANOVA and Mann-Whitney U tests, with p < 0.05 considered significant.
Results: Among 365 participants, 230 (63.0%) were female, and 312 (85.5%) were married. Most participants (n = 248, 68.0%) demonstrated moderate knowledge. A significant association was found between knowledge scores and education level (p = 0.011), as well as disease duration (p < 0.001). Participants with diabetes for >10 years had the highest mean knowledge score (71.3 ± 12.6). Major gaps were observed in knowledge about complications, diet, and physical activity.
Conclusion: The study highlights moderate awareness of diabetes among patients, with considerable knowledge gaps influenced by education and disease duration. Tailored education programs addressing these gaps are essential to promote self-care and reduce complications.