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Abstract

This research paper investigates the historical and intellectual evolution of freedom of thought in relation to politics and society. In today’s globalized and ideologically polarized world, the question of intellectual autonomy is both urgent and complex. The study analyzes how political structures, social norms, and cultural ideologies have shaped — and at times restricted — the development of independent thinking. Through a critical and interdisciplinary approach, the paper explores the dialectical relationship between authority and dissent, obedience and consciousness, and examines how intellectual freedom emerges, evolves, or collapses in different sociopolitical contexts. Special attention is given to modern societies where surveillance, censorship, populism, and ideological conformity challenge individual liberty. The research argues that intellectual freedom is not a static ideal, but an ongoing struggle shaped by historical experience, social structures, and political will. The goal is to understand how societies can cultivate environments where diverse ideas thrive and critical thinking is not only tolerated but celebrated.
Key Words: Intellectual Evolution, Politics, Society, Critical Thinking, Authority and Dissent