DefinePK

Abstract

This study critically examines the evidentiary value and judicial treatment of forensic evidence in rape trials within Pakistan’s criminal justice system. Despite recent legal reforms, including the Anti-Rape Investigation and Trial Act 2021, the conviction rate for rape remains alarmingly low, primarily due to the inconsistent application, misinterpretation, and underutilization of forensic evidence. Scientific tools such as DNA profiling, medico-legal certificates, toxicology reports, and injury documentation provide objective support to victims' testimonies and assist in the identification of perpetrators. However, challenges such as delayed reporting, limited forensic infrastructure, lack of standardized examination protocols, inadequate training, and gender-biased attitudes undermine their effectiveness. The study analyzes key legislative frameworks including the Pakistan Penal Code, Qanun-e-Shahadat Order 1984, and landmark court cases to explore how forensic evidence is evaluated in courtrooms. It argues that forensic science is often treated as corroborative rather than decisive, which contributes to miscarriages of justice. Using doctrinal and qualitative methodologies, the research calls for systemic reforms such as expanding forensic infrastructure, mandating professional training, amending evidentiary laws, and promoting judicial and public awareness. Ensuring the timely, respectful, and professional use of forensic science is essential for delivering justice and safeguarding the rights of sexual violence survivors in Pakistan.