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Abstract

Aquatic plastic pollution has emerged as one of the most pressing environmental challenges of the 21st century, with far-reaching consequences for marine ecosystems, human health, and global economies. This article provides a comprehensive, international perspective on the sources, distribution, impacts, and mitigation strategies of plastic pollution in aquatic environments. By examining regional disparities, policy frameworks, technological innovations, and socio-economic factors, this study highlights the urgent need for coordinated global action. The analysis draws upon scientific research, case studies and international agreements to propose actionable solutions for reducing plastic waste and fostering sustainable practices. Aquatic plastic pollution is a critical global environmental issue, with profound impacts on marine ecosystems, biodiversity and human health. Each year, millions of tonnes of plastic waste enter oceans and freshwater systems, originating from land- based sources such as urban runoff, industrial discharge and improper waste management, as well as maritime activities like shipping and fishing. Micro-plastics, resulting from the breakdown of larger debris or direct release from consumer products, further exacerbate the problem by infiltrating food chains and posing risks to aquatic life and human populations. This article examines the international dimensions of plastic pollution, highlighting regional disparities in contributions and mitigation efforts. While developing nations in Asia and Africa face challenges due to rapid urbanization and inadequate waste infrastructure, industrialized countries struggle with high plastic consumption and inefficient recycling systems. The study also explores key policy responses, including the United Nations’ Global Plastic Treaty, the EU’s Single-Use Plastics Directive, and grassroots initiatives promoting circular economy principles. Innovative solutions such as biodegradable alternatives, advanced cleanup technologies, and corporate accountability measures are discussed as potential pathways to reducing plastic pollution. However, the study underscores the need for stronger global cooperation, standardized regulations, and public awareness campaigns to address this crisis effectively. Without urgent and coordinated action, the long-term consequences for marine ecosystems and human societies will be irreversible.