DefinePK

Abstract

Since the fall of the Afghan government in 2021, Pakistan has faced renewed humanitarian challenges as thousands of Afghans fled across the border. This study examines Pakistan’s policy response through a human security lens, using thematic analysis of interviews with refugees, aid workers, and policymakers, alongside policy documents and media sources. Findings show that Pakistan’s initial focus prioritized border control and repatriation, driven by security concerns and resource constraints. Afghan refugees report major hardships, including limited access to documentation, healthcare, education, and employment. Despite these gaps, Pakistan’s historical role as a major refugee-hosting country and its ongoing collaboration with international agencies reflect significant humanitarian efforts. Officials cite legitimate security and economic pressures shaping their policies. Applying the human security framework reveals how current approaches impact the economic, health, and political well-being of displaced populations. The study recommends easing registration processes, expanding livelihood opportunities, and deepening regional cooperation to balance humanitarian needs with security priorities. Limitations include the qualitative case study design and the rapidly changing regional dynamics. Nonetheless, this research offers a nuanced understanding of Pakistan’s evolving refugee policy and stresses the need for rights based, multi-dimensional strategies to address displacement challenges in the post-2021 era.