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Abstract

Background: Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) are widely cultivated for both aquatic weed control and human consumption. Enhancing their growth performance sustainably is a key objective in aquaculture. Aquatic plants have emerged as a promising dietary supplement due to their rich nutrient profiles and environmental benefits.
Objectives: This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effects of aquatic plant supplementation on the growth performance of grass carp raised in controlled aquaculture systems.
Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive search identified 284 studies, which after screening and eligibility assessment were narrowed to 41 studies for final inclusion. Data were synthesized to assess the influence of aquatic plant types, supplementation methods, and system conditions on growth metrics.
Results: The majority of included studies reported positive effects of aquatic plant supplementation on growth parameters such as weight gain, feed efficiency, and health status. Species like Azolla, Duckweed, and Water Hyacinth were most frequently associated with beneficial outcomes. However, variability existed depending on plant type, supplementation rate, and aquaculture conditions.
Conclusions: Aquatic plants are valuable supplements for improving grass carp growth and promoting sustainable aquaculture practices. Further standardized and long-term studies are needed to optimize supplementation protocols and enhance broader applicability.