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Abstract

The This study examines the evolution and challenges of international human rights law in addressing emerging global issues, focusing on digital rights, refugee protection, and international humanitarian law (IHL). Human rights law, while expansive across civil, political, economic, social, and cultural domains, is increasingly tested by technological developments, forced migration, and modern armed conflicts. The rise of digital technologies has introduced urgent questions around privacy, surveillance, data control, and censorship, warranting recognition of digital rights as fundamental human rights. Similarly, traditional refugee law, framed by the 1951 Convention, proves inadequate in addressing contemporary displacement caused by conflict, persecution, and especially climate change. This gap calls for a broader, inclusive legal definition of refugees and expanded protection frameworks. Moreover, IHL, rooted in the Geneva Conventions, struggles with enforcement amid new warfare tactics like cyberattacks and drone strikes, often failing to protect civilians and uphold accountability. Through a qualitative analysis of literature, legal texts, and case studies, this research highlights the need for reform, stronger legal coordination, and international cooperation to ensure justice, dignity, and human security in an evolving global landscape.