DefinePK

Abstract

In this investigation, three fuel samples—PD100, (2) D96-Bu4 (96%vol. diesel Bu4%vol. N-butanol), and (3) D96-Pn4 (96%vol. diesel, 4%vol. N-pentanol)—were put through endurance test in a single-cylinder CI engine. The results of the study showed that during tests on all gasoline samples, visual inspection showed minor deposits on the engine head. SEM tests revealed that the D96-Bu4 engine had higher carbon deposits on and around the engine head surface than the engine running with DF.Nonetheless, there was less carbon buildup in the ternary mix D96-Pn4. Currently, n-pentanol, diesel, and leftover cooking oil were used to create fuel mixes. When compared to PD, the wear debris concentration was reduced by emulsion fuel in the binary blend, even when n-pentanol was added as a ternary blend D96-Pn4 for aluminum (Al), calcium (Ca), and cadmium (Cd). Ultimately, the viscosity and density readings decreased when the engine was run on both blend fuels.