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Abstract

Objective: To investigate the association of smoking status with prevalence and severity of periodontal disease among adults.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at 21 Military Dental Centre, Quetta from March 2024 to August 2024.
Methodology: A total of 400 participants between the ages 18–65 years were included in the study. Demographic, behavioral, and clinical data, age, gender, education micronutrients, oral hygiene practices, smoking status (current, past, passive and never smokers), and the periodontal status was recorded by structured interviews and clinical examination. Clinical periodontal disease and staging was assessed per the 2017 World Workshop Classification. SPSS version 26.0 was used for statistical analysis, with a significance level at p < 0.05.
Results: Their mean age was 41.0 ± 12.1 years (42.5%/57.5% male to female). Periodontal disease was significantly more prevalent among smokers (82.19%) than among non-smokers (46.46%) (p < 0.001) The prevalence was highest among past smokers (96.36%) followed by current smokers (82.19%), passive smokers (54.55%), and never smokers (21.80%) (p < 0.001). Smokers had 3.87 times more periodontal staging than non-smokers (p < 0.001), and were more likely to be classified with Stage 3 disease, with the highest percentage found in current (40.41%) and past-smokers (45.45%) groups. Periodontal stage 4 was most prevalent in current smokers (14.38%) and stage 0 was most common among non-smokers (53.94%).
Conclusion: Periodontal disease prevalence and severity by smoking status. Current and past smokers are associated with a significant risk and deterioration of periodontitis compared to non-smokers and passive smokers. These results underscore the importance of implementing smoking cessation intervention programs in the context of periodontal treatment and prevention.