DefinePK

Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains a major global health threat, with millions of new cases annually and increasing drug-resistant strains like MDR and XDR-TB. This review examines current first-line and second-line treatments, their mechanisms, targets, and resistance issues, noting that lengthy regimens, side effects, and poor adherence continue to drive resistance despite new drugs like bedaquiline, pretomanid, and delamanid showing promise yet facing accessibility challenges. Vaccine development remains crucial, as the BCG vaccine's limited protection highlights the need for innovative solutions such as mRNA and nanoparticle-based vaccines. Meanwhile, artificial intelligence (AI) is enhancing TB diagnosis and treatment monitoring, though data security and infrastructure limitations must be resolved. Achieving the WHO's End-TB goals requires a comprehensive strategy—combining better diagnostics, affordable treatments, and effective vaccines—supported by stronger healthcare systems and global cooperation to reduce TB's burden, especially in high-risk regions.