DefinePK

Abstract

Postpartum depression (PPD) and anxiety are common psychiatric disorders that significantly affect the well-being of new mothers and their infants. Nutritional deficiencies, particularly in vitamin D and magnesium, have been implicated as contributing factors in the pathophysiology of these conditions. Recent controlled clinical trials have explored the therapeutic potential of vitamin D and magnesium supplementation in alleviating symptoms of PPD and postpartum anxiety. This review synthesizes findings from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted in the past decade, assessing the efficacy, safety, and mechanisms of these supplements. Evidence suggests that vitamin D plays a crucial role in modulating mood through its effects on neuroinflammation, neurotransmitter synthesis, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulation. Magnesium, similarly, is involved in stress response, neuroplasticity, and NMDA receptor modulation, all of which are associated with mood regulation. Several studies have reported significant improvements in depressive and anxiety symptoms following supplementation, particularly in women with pre-existing deficiencies. Moreover, co-supplementation of vitamin D and magnesium may have synergistic effects, enhancing treatment outcomes. Despite these promising results, variations in trial design, dosage, and participant characteristics limit the generalizability of findings. Further large-scale, well-designed RCTs are needed to establish standardized protocols and determine long-term safety and efficacy. This review underscores the potential of vitamin D and magnesium as adjunctive, non-pharmacological interventions for managing postpartum mood disorders.