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Abstract

Depression represents a significant global health challenge, prompting extensive research into natural therapeutic alternatives. This comparative study investigates the antidepressant efficacy of Piper longum (long pepper) and Withania somnifera (ashwagandha) through systematic analysis of their bioactive compounds, mechanisms of action, and clinical outcomes. The research methodology employed a comprehensive literature review, meta-analysis of clinical trials, and comparative assessment of pharmacological properties. The hypothesis posited that both plants demonstrate significant antidepressant properties, with Withania somnifera showing superior clinical efficacy compared to Piper longum. Results indicated that piperine from Piper longum exhibits monoamine oxidase inhibitory activity, while withanolides from Withania somnifera demonstrate broader neurotransmitter modulation effects. Clinical studies revealed that Withania somnifera extract (500-1000mg daily) produced significant improvements in depression scores compared to placebo, while Piper longum showed promising preclinical results but limited clinical validation. The discussion highlights the complementary mechanisms of both plants, with Withania somnifera demonstrating superior evidence-based therapeutic potential for depression management. In conclusion, while both plants possess antidepressant properties, Withania somnifera presents stronger clinical evidence and broader therapeutic applicability for depression treatment.