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Abstract

Neurological disorders such as stroke, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, and traumatic brain injury often result in significant impairments in balance and proprioception, leading to compromised motor control, increased fall risk, reduced mobility, and decreased quality of life. These motor deficits stem from disruptions in sensory-motor integration due to damage within the central and peripheral nervous systems. This narrative review synthesizes evidence from 30 to 40 peer-reviewed studies published between 2020 and 2025, focusing on healthcare and management strategies aimed at enhancing balance and proprioception in neuro patients. The review covers neurophysiological mechanisms, including the role of the cerebellum, basal ganglia, somatosensory cortex, and proprioceptors in motor control. It highlights the clinical efficacy of task-oriented training, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF), sensory reeducation, and complementary techniques such as Tai Chi and aquatic therapy. Furthermore, the review evaluates advanced rehabilitation technologies such as robotic-assisted therapy, virtual reality systems, wearable sensors, and biofeedback mechanisms that enable high-intensity, repetitive, and task-specific motor training. Non-invasive neuromodulation techniques (e.g., tDCS, TMS) and pharmacological interventions are also discussed for their supportive roles in enhancing rehabilitation outcomes. Multidisciplinary rehabilitation programs are emphasized for their holistic, team-based approach to restoring function and independence. Emerging strategies such as personalized rehabilitation through machine learning, stem cell therapy, and regenerative medicine offer promising future directions. This review provides clinicians, rehabilitation professionals, and policymakers with a comprehensive, evidence-based framework to optimize neurorehabilitation outcomes. Early intervention and integrative strategies tailored to individual needs remain crucial for maximizing recovery and improving quality of life in neuro patients.