DefinePK

Abstract

The study aims to create nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiONPs) from Allium sativum (garlic) and Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon) extracts alongside their antibacterial evaluation against Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterobacter aerogenes. Garlic and cinnamon extracts were prepared using Soxhlet extraction and macerated with distilled water. Nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiONPs) were synthesized by mixing 6 g of nickel nitrate with 50 mL of each extract, followed by heating, centrifugation, and UV-vis characterization. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using the well diffusion method against S. aureus, E. aerogenes, and E. coli. UV-Vis spectroscopy results showed that NiONP synthesis was successful because of better UV absorption properties. The antibacterial activity assessment used the zone of inhibition method, while ANOVA evaluated data statistically. The combination of Allium sativum and Cinnamomum verum extracts and NiONPs demonstrated significantly increased antibacterial effectiveness. Results indicated that protection zones enlarged proportionally after increased extract amounts and NiONPs in each trial. ANOVA results show the emergence of significant antibacterial differences between the examined bacterial strains. The combined effects of NiONPs with plant extracts improve antibacterial performance through increased bacterial interaction surfaces, ROS generation, bacterial biofilm penetration, and effective NiONP-phytochemical interactions.