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Abstract

Abstract | This study investigated the prevalence of Eimeria species infecting various avian hosts, including chickens, ducks, pigeons, and ornamental chickens, in Al-Diwaniyah Province, Iraq. The diagnostic efficacy of microscopy and PCR techniques was also compared. Microscopic examination revealed an overall Eimeria infection rate of 62.30%. The prevalence was 60.86% in chickens, 56.09% in ducks, 72.50% in pigeons, and 60.97% in ornamental chickens. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences in prevalence between the bird species (χ² = 1.97, P = 0.577). PCR detected a higher overall prevalence of 74.34%, with species-specific variations: 76.81% in chickens, 65.85% in ducks, 82.50% in pigeons, and 70.73% in ornamental chickens. Again, no statistically significant differences were observed between the bird species (χ² = 3.44, P = 0.328). Eight Eimeria species were identified via PCR, with E. acervulina (22.6% prevalence), E. maxima (17.3%), and E. necatrix (36.4%) being the most prevalent. Co-infections involving two or more species were detected in 12.7% of PCR-positive cases, with E. maxima and E. necatrix each accounting for 44.4% of the mixed infections. These findings demonstrate the superior sensitivity of molecular techniques compared to microscopy for Eimeria diagnosis. The high infection rates across various avian hosts and widespread co-infections highlight the pervasive and complex nature of coccidiosis in the region. The results underscore the necessity for regionally tailored control programs that account for both universal epidemiological principles and local ecological particularities. Novelty Statement | This is the first study in Al-Diwaniyah to molecularly detect and compare multiple Eimeria species across different bird hosts using both microscopy and PCR. It highlights co-infection patterns and provides new insights for local coccidiosis control.