DefinePK

Research Objective

To explore the influence of English and Urdu on the Shina language and its potential threat to the linguistic identity of Shina speakers, and to investigate the attitudes of three successive generations towards these changes.

Methodology

Qualitative research using a survey technique with questionnaires distributed to 100 Shina speakers from Gilgit, categorized into three age groups: Youngsters (up to 30 years), Middle Aged (31-49 years), and Old Generation (50 years and above). Two questionnaires were used: one to detect lexical changes and another to assess attitudes towards language changes. An inductive, bottom-up approach was employed.

Methodology Flowchart

                        graph TD;
    A[Design Questionnaires] --> B[Select 100 Informants from 3 Generations];
    B --> C[Distribute Questionnaires];
    C --> D[Collect Responses];
    D --> E[Analyze Data Lexical & Attitude];
    E --> F[Identify Generational Differences];
    F --> G[Formulate Conclusions & Recommendations];                    

Discussion

Language is a crucial element of identity construction. Globalization and modern communication have led to language variation and the formation of multiple identities. In multilingual communities like Gilgit-Baltistan, dominant languages like English and Urdu exert pressure on indigenous languages such as Shina. The study highlights how borrowing from English and Urdu affects vocabulary, potentially leading to the erosion of traditional Shina terms and cultural practices. While younger generations are more open to these changes, older generations fear the loss of their linguistic heritage. The research suggests that while Shina is not currently endangered, its future is at risk if these trends continue.

Key Findings

English and Urdu have significantly influenced the young Shina generation, particularly in everyday words, clothing, and utensils. The young generation shows a greater tendency to use English and Urdu words, with some Shina equivalents becoming obsolete. The middle generation shows a mixed attitude, with Urdu having a more significant influence than English. The old generation expresses apprehension about the future of Shina, viewing English and Urdu influences as negative and a threat to their linguistic identity. Despite changes, Shina speakers across generations take pride in their identity and want Shina to coexist with English and Urdu without being replaced.

Conclusion

Languages evolve due to social, political, and psychological pressures, as well as contact between speakers. English and Urdu are influencing Shina, leading to generational differences in language use and attitudes. The young and middle generations are more accepting of these changes, while the old generation fears the loss of Shina's linguistic identity. The study concludes that Shina is not endangered but could become so in the future, emphasizing the need for speakers to take responsibility for their language.

Fact Check

* Shina is a major language spoken in the northern part of Pakistan, primarily in Gilgit, Diamer, Astore, Ghizer, and Hunza-Negar districts of Gilgit-Baltistan. (Confirmed by text)
* UNESCO declared the Domaki language endangered in 2011. (Confirmed by text)
* The study surveyed 100 informants from three generations: Youngsters (up to 30), Middle Aged (31-49), and Old Generation (50+). (Confirmed by text)

Mind Map