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Abstract

Background: Type II Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) has emerged as one of the most prevalent and challenging chronic diseases worldwide, driven by a complex interaction of genetic, behavioral, environmental, and therapeutic factors.
Methods: A total of 220 patient records were reviewed to gather data on demographic characteristics, lifestyle determinants (dietary patterns, physical activity, obesity, smoking, stress, and sleep quality), environmental factors (urbanization, air pollution), and pharmacotherapy utilization.
Results: The findings revealed that T2DM was most common among middle-aged and elderly patients, with a higher prevalence in females. Obesity and high body mass index (BMI) were strongly associated with diabetes, while poor dietary habits (high-calorie, processed foods, and low-fiber intake) and physical inactivity were major contributors.. Environmental factors such as air pollutants and limited healthcare access in low socioeconomic groups were also implicated in disease burden.
With respect to pharmacotherapy, oral hypoglycemic agents, particularly metformin, were the first-line therapy, while sulfonylureas and insulin were also commonly prescribed. Despite treatment availability, many patients continued to exhibit suboptimal outcomes, emphasizing gaps in comprehensive diabetes care.
Conclusion: This study highlights that T2DM is a multifaceted disorder influenced by lifestyle, environmental exposures, and healthcare-related factors. Effective management requires a multidimensional approach combining lifestyle modification, environmental health strategies, and optimized pharmacotherapy