DefinePK

Abstract

Proper drug disposal is a critical component of both public health and environmental protection. Improper disposal of medications contributes to environmental contamination, accidental poisonings, and drug misuse, with severe consequences for humans, animals, and ecosystems. This study aimed to evaluate safe disposal practices for pharmaceutical waste and explore possible outreach and policy strategies to minimize risks associated with current disposal methods.
Safe disposal of tablets and capsules typically involves removing them from original packaging, mixing them with undesirable substances (e.g., coffee grounds or cat litter), sealing them in a container or bag, and discarding them in household trash. Bottles, vials, and other containers should undergo steam autoclaving or incineration, while empty containers require triple rinsing, labeling as “empty” or “defaced,” and subsequent disposal. Syringe disposal is a major health concern, as unsafe practices can cause needle-stick injuries and facilitate transmission of infections; patient education programs and provision of sharps disposal containers are therefore essential. Bandages and dressings, composed of multilayer polymers and cellulose, are challenging to recycle but can be managed by hydro pulping. Cytotoxic and chemotherapy waste is disposed of through thermo-sterilization, incineration, or return to pharmacy programs.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends several disposal options, including medicine take-back programs, household trash disposal, and flushing of high-risk medicines such as narcotic patches to prevent accidental exposure. However, flushing pharmaceuticals contributes to aquatic toxicity, beta-lactam resistance, and reduced fertility in fish, raising serious ecological concerns. Although burning is occasionally practiced, it is not recommended due to environmental hazards.
Overall, appropriate pharmaceutical disposal is essential to reduce environmental pollution, prevent antimicrobial resistance, and safeguard public health. Strengthening awareness, infrastructure, and regulatory compliance offers a feasible pathway to safer management of pharmaceutical waste.