DefinePK

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the ability of microorganisms to withstand the drugs that are designed to kill them, making infections harder to treat. It is one of the growing Global threats, affecting people by increasing illness, mortality and healthcare cost worldwide. AMR is a major Global Health crisis fueled by the misuse of antimicrobials in medicine, agriculture and environment. As resistant pathogens continue to emerge faster than the development of new drugs, AMR threatens the success of infection control strategies and modern medical treatments. This study explores the Global threat posed by AMR, highlighting how the ineffectiveness of antimicrobials against common pathogens jeopardize human health and the treatment of infectious diseases. Our findings demonstrate that antimicrobial resistance (AMR) stems from interconnected human, agriculture and environmental drivers leading to increased disease severity, treatment failures, healthcare strain and economic losses. The results challenge the traditional view that AMR is primarily driven by clinical antibiotics misuse, instead emphasizing its multi-dimensional origins. This review provides evidences that human behavioral factors, environmental reservoirs and agriculture antibiotic use are equally interact to drive resistance evolution. These insights extend prior knowledge emphasizing that AMR control demands cross-sectional collaboration with the One Health framework. Addressing AMR is not just a medical priority but also a corner stone of medical development and public health resilience.