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Abstract

Background: Maternal anemia, a common pregnancy complication, affects fetal development and placental function. The placental ratio, a key indicator of placental efficiency, is influenced by maternal hemoglobin levels. Objective: This study aims to assess the impact of maternal anemia on placental ratio among women admitted for delivery in a tertiary care hospital. Methodology: A total of 120 pregnant women were categorized into anemic (n=60) and non-anemic (n=60) groups. Placental weight, birth weight, and placental-to-birth weight ratio were analyzed. Results and Discussion: This study analyzed 120 pregnant women, divided into anemic (n = 60) and non-anemic (n = 60) groups based on hemoglobin levels. The anemic group had significantly lower hemoglobin (8.7 ± 1.2 g/dL) than the non-anemic group (12.4 ± 0.9 g/dL). Anemic mothers had larger placental weight (680 ± 120 g) and placental ratio (0.23 ± 0.04) compared to non-anemic mothers (560 ± 100 g; 0.17 ± 0.03). Despite placental hypertrophy, birth weight was lower in the anemic group (2950 ± 420 g vs. 3300 ± 350 g). Neonates of anemic mothers had higher NICU admissions (30% vs. 12%), low Apgar scores, and preterm births. Findings highlight the need for early anemia management to improve neonatal outcomes. Conclusion: Maternal anemia significantly impacts placental ratio, birth weight, and neonatal outcomes. This study suggests that placental hypertrophy compensates for reduced oxygen availability, yet fetal growth remains compromised. Anemic mothers had lower birth weights and higher preterm deliveries, NICU admissions, and low Apgar scores. Early diagnosis, iron supplementation, and enhanced prenatal care are essential to improving maternal and neonatal health outcomes globally.