DefinePK

Abstract

Background: Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major global health concern, often leading to diabetic nephropathy, a significant cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Early detection of renal morphological changes using non-invasive tools like ultrasonography is critical for timely intervention and management.
Methods and Materials: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted over six months in the Radiology Department of Mardan Medical Complex, Pakistan. A total of 366 T2DM patients were recruited using non-probability convenience sampling. Renal dimensions, including kidney length, width, thickness, and volume, were assessed using a Toshiba Xario 100 ultrasound machine. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 28.0, with continuous variables summarized as means and standard deviations, and categorical variables as frequencies and percentages. Linear regression was employed to evaluate associations between renal size and demographic factors.
Results: The study revealed significant alterations in renal dimensions among T2DM patients, with higher BMI and age being associated with increased renal size. Early-stage diabetic nephropathy was characterized by compensatory renal hypertrophy, while advanced stages showed reduced renal size. Ultrasonography proved to be a reliable tool for detecting these changes.
Conclusion: Ultrasonography is an effective, non-invasive method for assessing renal morphological changes in T2DM patients. Early detection and monitoring can mitigate the progression to ESRD, particularly in resource-limited settings. Future research should explore advanced imaging techniques and molecular markers to enhance diagnostic accuracy.