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Abstract

Avian species play a crucial role in the world's ecosystems and serve as important indicators of environmental health. This study aimed to examine the ecology and diversity of wild birds in the Jhelum district, with an emphasis on understanding their seasonal status and the threats they face. Bird species data were collected using both direct and indirect methods to evaluate species diversity and population levels. During the research, we documented a total of 125 avian species in the Jhelum district: 119 species from study area 1, representing 17 orders and 43 families, and 120 species from study area 2, also representing 17 orders but belonging to 45 families. Both sites exhibited high avian diversity, with a Simpson diversity index of 0.9327 for study area 1 and 0.9606 for study area 2, indicating rich biodiversity in both areas. Similarly, the Shannon-Wiener diversity index reflected high diversity as well, with scores of 3.436 for study area 1 and 3.904 for study area 2.