DefinePK

Abstract

            English plays a vital role in the Pakistani education system. Despite its widespread use as a medium of instruction in many educational institutions, a number of Pakistani teachers experience difficulties even in Basic English language skills. The implementation of English as a Medium of Instruction (EMI) has expanded globally due to the increasing spread of English and the influence of internationalization and globalization. These global trends have compelled various countries, including Pakistan, to adopt EMI at different levels of education. The aim of this study is to examine the factors contributing to the implementation and continuation of EMI in Pakistan’s education system. The research is based on a retrospective analysis of existing literature on English-medium instruction in Pakistan, applying the ROAD-MAPPING framework (Dafouz & Smit, 2020) to analyze relevant themes. This study was designed with the objective of exploring the problems faced by Pakistani school teachers in using English as a medium of instruction and identifying the strategies they employ to overcome these challenges. Findings indicate that many teachers lack adequate English language proficiency to effectively conduct classroom instruction. Therefore, it is recommended that professional training programs be organized to enhance teachers’ language competence, which would ultimately improve the teaching–learning process in EMI classrooms across Pakistan.