DefinePK

Abstract

The current study uses an exploratory review-based methodology backed by national and international data sources to critically assess Pakistan's secondary education reforms and challenges from 2014 to 2023. Although basic education and literacy rates have increased, secondary education is nevertheless hindered by a lack of funding, substantial enrollment gaps, and scarce resources. The study identifies important metrics, such as the improved Gender Parity Index and Gross Enrollment Ratio, yet there are still enduring inequalities in rural areas, infrastructure, and gender inclusion. The need for fair access to high-quality secondary education is highlighted by the enactment of Article 25-A and constitutional amendments. STEM integration, teacher preparation, and inclusive education are prioritized in international aid and policy initiatives like the National Education Policy 2017–2025 and the Single National Curriculum reforms. In order to address systemic injustices and bring secondary education into line with the demands of the twenty-first century, recommendations include expanding vocational training, increasing funding, aligning the curriculum with global trends, and reaching out to rural communities.