DefinePK

Abstract

Background Urban green spaces are gaining attention as important determinants of public health, promoting stress recovery and physical activity, and growing social connections. Although global studies have confirmed the positive outcomes from a psychological perspective, few studies in Pakistani urban setting have investigated these effects where extensive urbanization coupled with a widespread infrastructural divide translates into less accessibility to nature. Objective: To assess the psychological benefits of urban green spaces in terms of stress recovery and social connection within different cities in Pakistan (Lahore, Karachi, Islamabad, Peshawar). Method A mixed-methods design in which 800 men (200 per city) were recruited. There ws also quantitative measurement of stress and social connectedness using PSS-10, SCS-R and green space use. Statistical analysis comprised ANOVA and Pearson correlation. Forty participants (10/city) were interviewed in depth on lived experience, and the data was analyzed thematically. Results: There were important quantitative differences between cities. Compared to Karachi and Lahore, participants from Islamabad and Peshawar experienced more frequent green space exposure that lasted longer; this was related to lower stress and higher social connectedness. Correlation analyses indicated that green space use was strongly related with psychological variables. Qualitative results identified five main themes: emotional regulation, belonging, safety and access issues; cultural interpretations of nature, and managing solitude versus sociality. Conclusion: Urban green spaces are important for stress recovery and social connectedness in Pakistan, but outcomes vary by city context. These findings emphasize the importance of equitable, culturally sensitive urban planning for mental health and social well-being.