DefinePK

Abstract

Language policy in education (LiEP) is one of the critical factors in developing learning activities and achieving academic success. In multilingual countries like Pakistan, where Urdu, English, and regional languages coexist, the language policy has significant implications for equity in learning, access, and the resultant outcomes. This empirical study examines the effects of the LiEP on student learning outcomes at both the primary and secondary levels, providing a detailed analysis of English-medium and Urdu-medium teaching. Through methodological triangulation, which involves document analysis, surveys and classroom observations, the study establishes salient policy deficiencies, implementation barriers and linguistic inequities. The results show that while English proficiency is associated with improved academic achievement and higher socioeconomic mobility, it also perpetuates gaps between urban and rural student groups. The research concludes with recommendations proposing a balanced, multilingual model that will improve understanding and inclusivity, aimed at increasing overall academic success.