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Abstract

Monkeypox, a zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus, has re-emerged as a significant public health concern in recent years. Despite efforts to control its spread, the disease continues to pose challenges to global health security.  The current challenges are multifaceted, including the lack of standardized diagnostic tools, limited awareness and education, inadequate healthcare infrastructure in many affected countries, and various sexual orientations. Therefore, we conducted a comprehensive review of existing literature on monkeypox prevention and treatment strategies, including vaccination, antiviral therapy, and the newcome biomarkers treatment. Our analysis revealed that while vaccination is effective in preventing monkeypox, its availability and accessibility remain limited in many parts of the world. Furthermore, antiviral therapy has been used for patients with an immune system deficiency and vaccine contraindications.
In conclusion, effective prevention and treatment strategies for monkeypox require a multidisciplinary approach that addresses the current challenges and leverages prospects. Further research is needed to develop more effective therapeutic agents, diagnostic tools, and vaccines to combat this emerging disease threat.
Abbreviations: DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid; CDC - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; VIGIV - vaccinia immune globulin intravenous; UKHSA - United Kingdom Health Security Agency; MHS - male homosexual; GBMSM - gay, bisexual and male homosexual; STDs - sexually transmitted diseases; HIV/AIDS - human immunodeficiency virus/Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Keywords: AIDS; Challenges; HIV; Monkeypox; Prevention; Sexually transmitted disease; Treatment; Vaccines
Citation: Ramadhani VS, Widiastara AA, Juniastuti. Monkeypox prevention and treatment strategies - current challenges and prospects.Anaesth.  pain intensive care 2025;29(6):607-613; DOI: 10.35975/apic.v29i6.2906
Received: January 02, 2025; Revised: August 06, 2025; Accepted: August 09, 2025